Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. Essay Example

Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. Essay DEFINITION OF CHILD ABUSE An abused child is any child, up to the age of 18, who has suffered from, or is believed likely to be at risk of, physical injury, neglect, emotional abuse, sexual abuse or verbal abuse. (Source: www. yesican. org) It is recognised that that it is abuse when someone inflicts harm or fails to prevent it. Children may be abused in a family or in an institutional or community setting, by those known to them or by a stranger, for example, via the internet. Child abuse can have major long-term effects on all aspects of a childs health, development and well being. The main forms of ill-treatments are: )Physical Abuse Physical abuse is deliberately causing physical harm to a child. This might involve punching; kicking, biting, burning, scalding, shaking, throwing or beating with objects such as belts, whips, or sticks. It also includes poisoning, giving a child alcohol or illegal drugs, drowning or suffocation. Physical harm may also be caused when a parent or care r fabricates the symptoms of illness in a child. †¢1. 1) Signs of Physical Abuse †¢There are certain signs that need to be acknowledged when suspicion arises that physical abuse is occurring: †¢Any injuries not consistent with the explanation given to school staff. Injuries which occur to the body in places which are not normally exposed to falls or rough games †¢Injuries which have not received medical attention †¢Reluctance to change for, or participate in PE or swimming †¢Bruises, bites, burns and fractures, for example, which do not have an accidental explanation †¢The child gives inconsistent accounts for the cause of injuries 1. 2) Possible effects of physical abuse Physical abuse can lead directly to neurological damage, physical injuries, disability and in extreme cases death. Physical abuse has been linked to aggressive behaviour in children, emotional and behavioural problems and learning difficulties. (Source: /www. secasa. co). 2) Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse is where repeated verbal threats, criticism, shouting, lack of love and affection causes a severe adverse effect on a childs emotional development. It consists of communicating to children that they are worthless, unloved, and inadequate or valued. Emotional abuse may include not giving a child opportunities to express their views, deliberately silencing them or making fun of what they say. It may feature inappropriate expectations being imposed on a child, over protection and limitation of exploration and learning, or preventing the child from taking part in normal social interaction. It may also involve seeing or hearing a person being ill-treated and you do not do anything to stop the abuse. With the development of the internet the so called cyber-bullying is another matter that has become prevalent over the past few years; which in turn causes children to frequently feel scared or in danger. 2. 2Signs of possible emotional abuse Depression, aggression, extreme anxiety, changes or regression in mood or behaviour, particularly where a child withdraws or becomes clingy †¢Obsessions or phobias †¢Sudden underachievement or lack of concentration †¢Seeking adult attention and not mixing well with other children †¢Sleep or speech disorders †¢Negative statements about self †¢Highly aggressive or cruel to others †¢Extreme shyness or passivit y †¢Running away, stealing and lying 2. 3Possible effects of emotional abuse This type of abuse can lead to adverse long-term effects on the child’s development. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Describe That Possible Signs, Symptoms, Indicators and Behaviours That May Cause Concern in the Context of Safeguarding. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Emotional abuse has a significant impact on a developing childs mental health, behaviour and self-esteem. This type of abuse is as important as the other three types, and can be detected as the signs are more visible and can be easily detected. Domestic violence, adult mental health problems and parental substance misuse may be features in families where children are exposed to such abuse. (Source: www. nspcc. org. uk) 3) Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities, whether or not the child is aware of what is happening. This may involve physical contact including penetrative sex, oral sex, masturbation, kissing, rubbing, or touching outside of clothing, or it may involve non-contact activities such as involving children in watching sexual activities, producing or looking at sexual images, encouraging children to behave in sexually inappropriate ways, or grooming a child in preparation for abuse (including via the internet). Abusers can be men, women or other children. Between 21% and 36% of sexually abused children will display few or no symptoms (Source: Oates, OToole, Lynch, Stern Cooney, 1994). . 1) Signs of possible sexual abuse †¢Any allegations made by a child concerning sexual abuse †¢The child has an excessive preoccupation with sexual matters and inappropriate knowledge of adult sexual behaviour for their age, or regularly engages in sexual play inappropriate for their age †¢Sexual activity through words, play or drawing †¢Repeated urinary infections or unexplained stom ach pains †¢The child is sexually provocative or seductive with adults †¢Inappropriate bed-sharing arrangements at home Severe sleep disturbances with fears, phobias, vivid dreams or nightmares which sometimes have overt or veiled sexual connotations †¢Eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. 3. 2)Possible effects of sexual abuse Behaviour such as self-harm, inappropriate sexual behaviour, sadness, depression and loss of self esteem has all been linked to sexual abuse. The effects of sexual abuse can affect the individual into their adult life. The extent or the severity of each case is determined by the time span of abuse, the more serious the abuse, the younger the child is and the relationship of the child to the abuser. Once sexual abuse has been identified the support of an adult who believes the child helps, starts to help the child understand the abuse and can therefore offer help and protection to the abused child. 4) Neglect Neglect has been described as the â€Å"most serious type of child maltreatment and the least understood† (Crittenden 1999: 67). It is the most common reason for inclusion on the child protection register in the UK. In the year ending 31st March 2006, 43 per cent of child protection registrations in England related to children considered to be at risk of neglect (Source: DfES, 2006) . Neglect is the failure to meet a child’s basic physical and or psychological needs, which is likely to affect the child’s health or development. Neglect is when a parent or carer fails to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter (including exclusion from home or abandonment), medical care, or protection from physical and emotional harm or danger. Additionally failure to ensure access to education or to look after a child because the carer is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, is considered as Neglect. 4. 1Signs of possible neglect Dirty skin, body smells, unwashed, uncombed hair and untreated lice †¢Clothing that is dirty, too big or small, or inappropriate for weather conditions †¢Frequently left unsupervised or alone †¢Frequent diarrhoea †¢Frequent tiredness †¢Untreated illnesses, infected cuts or physical complaints which the carer does not respond to †¢Frequently hungry †¢Overeating junk food 4. 2Possible effects of neglect N eglect can seriously impair a childs health, physical and intellectual growth and development, and can cause long term difficulties with social functioning, relationships and educational progress. Extreme cases of neglect can cause death. (Source:http://www. nspcc. org. uk/Inform/research/briefings/childneglectpdf_wdf51503. pdf) 5) Bullying Bullying is also recognised as a type of abuse. Bullying is always distressing for the victim and can have serious consequences. Bullying should always be taken seriously. Emotional bullying is the most commonly reported by children and young people and is often more difficult to spot. Bullying can take place both inside and outside of the school. Bullying happens when an individual or a group show hostility towards an individual and this can be: †¢Emotional, such as name-calling, ‘sending to Coventry’ (not talking to someone), taking or hiding personal items, humiliating, spreading rumours or teasing †¢Physical, such as pushing, kicking, hitting, pinching or threatening to use physical force †¢Racist, such as racial taunts or gestures †¢Sexual, such as inappropriate physical contact, sexual comments and innuendo, or homophobic taunts. (Source: http://www. nspcc. org. uk) 6) Cyber-bullying In recent years, a new form of bullying known as ‘cyber-bullying’ has become increasingly common. Studies show that one in five children were cyber-bullied in 2008. Cyber-bullying may be emotional, racist or sexual forms of abuse. It happens through emails, text messages or telephone calls. Information about someone may also be shared by putting it on to social networking sites. This can include the sharing of private photographs. (Source: www. avg. com) Children and young people who use this method of bullying often feel disassociated from their actions, but the consequences can be just as serious for the child. This type of bullying can be particularly distressing as children are unable to get away from it, it even invades their home.

Japanese School System Facts

Japanese School System Facts The Japanese educational system was reformed after World War II. The old 6-5-3-3 system was changed to a 6-3-3-4 system (6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school and 4 years of University) with reference to the American system. The gimukyoiku ç ¾ ©Ã¥â€¹â„¢Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ² (compulsory education) time period is 9 years, 6 in shougakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (elementary school) and 3 in chuugakkou ä ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (junior high school). Japan has one of the worlds best-educated populations, with 100% enrollment in compulsory grades and zero illiteracy. While not compulsory, high school (koukou é «ËœÃ¦   ¡) enrollment is over 96% nationwide and nearly 100% in the cities. The high school drop out rate is about 2% and has been increasing. About 46% of all high school graduates go on to university or junior college. The Ministry of Education closely supervises curriculum, textbooks, and classes and maintains a uniform level of education throughout the country. As a result, a high standard of education is possible. Student Life Most schools operate on a three-term system with the new year starting in April. The modern educational system started in 1872 and is modeled after the French school system, which begins in April. The fiscal year in Japan also begins in April and ends in March of the following year, which is more convenient in many aspects. April is the height of spring when cherry blossoms  (the most loved flower of the Japanese!) bloom and the most suitable time for a new start in Japan. This difference in the school-year system causes some inconvenience to students who wish to study abroad in the U.S. A half-year is wasted waiting to get in and often another year is wasted when coming back to the Japanese university system and having to repeat a year. Except for the lower grades of elementary school, the average school day on weekdays is 6 hours, which makes it one of the longest school days in the world. Even after school lets out, the children have drills and other homework to keep them busy. Vacations are 6 weeks in the summer and about 2 weeks each for winter and spring breaks. There is often homework over these vacations.   Every class has its own fixed classroom where its students take all the courses, except for practical training and laboratory work. During elementary education, in most cases, one teacher teaches all the subjects in each class. As a result of the rapid population growth after World War II, the numbers of students in a typical elementary or junior high school class once exceeded 50 students, but now it is kept under 40. At public elementary and junior high school, school lunch (kyuushoku ç µ ¦Ã© £Å¸) is provided on a standardized menu, and it is eaten in the classroom. Nearly all junior high schools require their students to wear a school uniform (seifuku åˆ ¶Ã¦Å" ). A big difference between the Japanese school system and the American School system is that Americans respect individuality while the Japanese control the individual by observing group rules. This helps to explain the Japanese characteristic of group behavior. Translation Exercise Because of the rapid population growth after World War II, the number of students in a typical elementary or junior high school once exceeded 50.  Dainiji sekai taisen no ato no kyuugekina jinkou zouka no tame, tenkeitekina shou-chuu gakkou no seitosu wa katsute go-juu nin o koemashita.ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£  ®Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ªÃ¤ º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ  Ã£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥ ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ °Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  ¦Ã¤ º ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Grammar ~no tame means because of ~. I didnt go to work because of a cold.Kaze no tame, shigoto ni ikimasen deshita.é ¢ ¨Ã©â€š ªÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Vocabulary dainiji sekai taisen ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦ World War II ato 㠁‚㠁 ¨ after kyuugekina æ€ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ª rapid jinkou zouka ä º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ   population growth tenkeitekina å… ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ª typical shou chuu gakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ elementary and junior high schools seitosuu 生å ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ ° the numbers of students katsute 㠁‹ã  ¤Ã£  ¦ once go-juu ä ºâ€Ã¥   fifty koeru è ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ to exceed

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal Example This research will be based on the Psychological Theories of drug abuse. Within this theoretical framework, reinforcement and individual theories will be explored to establish that pushes students into drugs. The research will follow the exploratory design and will be based on mixed methodology. Data will be collected from students and teachers using both structured and unstructured questionnaires. Interviews will also be scheduled with key informants. The researcher believes that research findings will make invaluable contributions to the existing literature that links substance abuse to poor academic performance. Keywords: substance abuse and academic performance The Correlation between Cigarette Smoking and High School Achievement Substance use among teenagers has finally entered the unchartered territory where it is no longer possible to ignore its impacts. The increasing prevalence of teenagers abusing drugs in the United States has become a major public health issue. Subsequent addiction and loss of productivity among drug users have particularly elicited great interest in substance abuse. The importance of substance abuse in academic discourses stems from the correlation between substance abuse and academic performance. Therefore, substance use and abuse are focal issues that academic commentators must address with urgency. Peer pressure has been cited as the common motivators for teenagers to engage in drugs (Thorlindsson and Vilhjalmsson, 1991). Most teenagers feel pressured to take alcohol/drugs at social gathering in order to conform to social groups. Nevertheless, some teenagers use drugs and other substances as a means of dealing with their distress. In the same vein, other teenagers may use drugs to overcome personal limitations, such as low self-esteem or shyness (Morin et al., 2011). The first casualty of substance use and abuse is cognitive ability. Impaired cognition limits the performance capacity of substance users (Thorlindsson and Vilhjalm sson, 1991). It is against this backdrop that the proposed research purposes to establish how cigarette smoking among high school students affects their overall, academic performance. Significance of the Research Education has long been heralded as a means of social mobility. Accordingly, proponents of academic achievements link education attainment to a successful future. Nevertheless, the job market has become very competitive in the 21st century than ever before. This implies that students who fail to achieve high grades stand no chance of competing favorably in the job market. Within such a context, academic achievement tops the agenda for many discussions within government and academic circles. By studying the correlation between cigarette smoking and high school achievement, the proposed research underscores the role that education plays in personal development. The research will, firstly, establish the link between cigarette smoking and high school achievement. Secondly, the research will identify the prevalence of cigarette smoking among high school students and the factors that contribute to this prevalence. Thirdly, the research aims at establishing the effects of cigarette smoking on high school stude

An E-fashion Retailer Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An E-fashion Retailer Analysis - Essay Example The essay "An E-fashion Retailer Analysis" presents an overview of different companies strategies for their online sales. There has been a growth in internet accessibility and usage on the whole. Online sales of clothing rank fourth highest with travel services, software and media sector occupying the first three positions. More consumers across the globe are purchasing computers and gaining access to the internet and are, therefore, attracted to a myriad of online websites operated by fashion retailers. Typically, consumers in the past were wary of buying apparel online. Females, in particular, would want to touch and see the apparel physically for obvious reasons such as buying the size that best fits them or feeling the quality of the fabric. In recent years, this trend has been changing and more consumer, including females, are comfortable with purchasing apparel online. The theory of buyer behavior demonstrates the buyer black box of which the buyer decision process is a subset. Consequently, the model of consumer buying process explains how consumers engage in information search after they have realized the need to purchase a product. This has been catered to by online fashion retailers who have now adopted the model of a â€Å"virtual store† whereby consumers can have a 360-degree view of products they intend to buy by seeing the product from different sides. The â€Å"zoom in† function can help consumers see the fabric/texture as well as design that they could o therwise have viewed had they been present physically at the store. Although the initial target market was U.K customers, ASOS has expanded to include American customers through its online store. 3. Online Marketing Mix a. Product ASOS primarily sells clothing that is worn by celebrities in the media. The company offers various brands under one umbrella and includes affordable clothing as well as expensive lines. The company sells over 50,000 product lines from approximately 800 global brands including Ralph Lauren as well as designer brands such as Sonia Rykiel (Perrey & Spillecke, 2013). As per the company’s marketing strategy, over thousands of new products are added on a weekly basis, thereby sustaining the interest of customers. With its strong and multi-brand product portfolio and customer service, the company ranks as the 5th most popular online shopping destination in U.K, beating H&M in terms of having twice the number of unique customers visiting the website (Perrey & Spillec

The Turkish Soap Operas Media Essay

The Turkish Soap Operas Media Essay Why do people at the last past years prefer TV shows? Why do people have different thoughts about tv shows? . May be because they are express their daily lives and affecting their behavior. also as they introduce different cultures of different societies., the soap operas and TV series are the most discussed nowadays TV shows People argue about Turkish soap operas that spread nowadays on Arab TV, the aim of that research is the airing of these soap operas and its effects in Arab countries people on the social, religious, tourism and cultural levels, while others disagree with that operas that it causes problems such as women rights and romance in Arab world What is a soap opera? And what is the difference between a soap opera and a traditional TV series? according to Dorothy Anger in her book Other Worlds: Society Seen Through Soap Operas is a long TV series more than hundred of episodes, these TV shows are present culture style , life style , traditions and educational life of the societies, but the traditional TV series are short ones. They do not exceed thirty episodes and they have many details than soap operas. The history of TV series in the Arab world is in relation with the Ramadan series. There are some Arab TV series which like soap operas as layaly elhlmiya that attract the Arab viewers for years at different seasons waiting to know what the next action.. Fadi Ismail says in the article Turkish Soaps Bubbling in the UAE that were trying to see if there are new story lines. This means that people need a new stories that affect their daily life related to their life style and their cultural experience. According to the viewers demands, people responsible for TV shows starts to express new shows that is connected with peoples real life ,Layal Abu Rahal expressed in her article Noor, A Soap Opera to Test The Moral Compass that Arab men were fascinated by the Turkish actress Noor and women were also fans of the Turkish actor moaned. Turkish soap operas and TV shows which began recently to be showed on the Arab TV channels, Ismail says we saw an opportunity in turkey. (Qtd in Abuzeid The opportunity is based on the high percentage of people watching the soap operas and the dramatic story lines as well. It was a hit success when the first Turkish soap opera started showing on Arab TV. Percentage of people watching it started to increase People became addicted to it and even it became a kind of turning point in their own lives. People in Arab world get attached to the characters, events and the new style in the Turkish soap opera. They are affected by their new culture. They are also influenced by the Turkish people. They start search the differences between Turkish society and the enclosed Arab society. People start to express their own opinions, defending their thoughts and ideas. There are positive social effects that appear in the Arab society due to watching Turkish soap operas such as the effect of it on Arab women.. They believe that those Turkish soap operas are the best, as they have things which we dont have in our Arab society. As a result to these soap operas some women recently became aware of their rights. Some women started to look for themselves on the levels of business and financial life, while other took the side of liberal life searching for freedom. In the Turkish soap opera the women appear as model of liberal independent women who have their own career and job, financial freedom and even their own houses far away of their families. They reflect the ideas of Turkish women in freedom in Islamic society. Arab women stated to take Turkish women to encourage themselves never stop fighting for their lives that they believe in. Women in Arab world have the courage to loud her voice as They look at the Turkish women as an example of free women, although they are Muslims living in Islamic society too. Women compare the male characters of Turkish soap operas to their men in Arab society. They are full of love and romance and not harsh in their decisions, Arab women started to compare every thing as female characters and to look over many problems that we lack. On the social level, the Arab women are not the only ones affected by the Turkish soap operas, but the whole family as well. The Arab families watch the two series Noor and Lost Years and notice the family gatherings of Turkish families and they are close to each other. The reason that leads Arab families to compare themselves to Turkish ones Muslim society tooand they much of arab culture. Where family members are living all in one house. These features seem to be a part of their Arab society. Also on the social level, the Turkish society has a liberal view that is not present in the Arab society. The dressing code which Arabs have stress on it. Turkish people wear whatever they wanted with no limits or borders. They looks good and they are fashionable society . Tamiko says in the article Noor, Has a Turkish Soap Opera Fueled Change for Women in the Arab World? that Noor fashion knock-offs were snapped up in boutiques. The Arab people are impressed by this look so they started to take what suits them and live with Turkish style . The latest effect of Turkish characters of soap operas on Arab society is that the statistics refers that the newly born babies named after the stars increased in the Arab world. Tamiko discussed in his article that the number of Arab babies named Noor and Muhanned is doubled. This reflects the major effect of Turkish soap operas on our Arab countries Not all the social effects on Arab society are positive ones. People in Arab society some negatives of the Turkish society. People believe that Turkish society isnt the best but they have also some defects such as There is a lack of segregation between men and women, which dont appear in Arab society traditions. Married women are allowed to have male friends and that is legal and the relation between men and women at work. Another aspect which raises the anger of the Arab world and its against the religion is the allowable informal relationships between male and female. They are allowed to live together without marriage These features dont match our Arab culture and habits. This is refused on the social level not only on the religious level. Also one of the major negative effects is that incites crime. It has been shown in the soap operas. The crime appears to be an ordinary thing to the society according. Respected society figures are kidnapping people in order to fulfill their aims from their enemies many types of crimes such as stealing, drug dealing by high authorities and even the presence of paid assassins.. Abu-Rahal expresses the presence of crimes and threats of kidnapping with a big rate in those soap operas. This means a perfect proof of social disorder. Among the positive social effects of the Turkish soap operas on the Arab society, there are positive cultural effects. They are main methods to introduce a new culture to the Arab society. It is an image of the Turkish society, thoughts, ideas, traditions and habits, They are trying to give the world image about turkey modern civilized country and its fight against all its national and international problems which might be a kind of smartness of the Turkish people.. May be they mean to raise the attention about turkey and give themselves a higher rank in world. . Arab tourism is affected heavily by those soap operas. The number of Arab tourists visiting Turkey is doubled, the number of flights targeting Turkey is doubled The Turkish diplomat Yasin Temizkayn points that the number of Saudi tourists visiting Turkey never increases more than forty thousands, until the soap operas are showed, which raise the number of tourists up to one hundred thousand this year (qtd in Mokhtar). The Arab tourism companies increased the amount of their money invested in Turkey. Increase of air lines in turkey. The ambassador says we used to have only two flights a week from Riyadh to Istanbul, today we have four air bus flights a day and they are all packed. (Qtd in Zawawi) The number of Arab people learning Turkish language increase and the Arab sociologists direct their attention to Turkish society figuring positives and negatives. Despite the hit success of those Turkish soap operas, they appear to be a double edged weapon its a kind of entertainment that targets its damage towards the religious beliefs and moral ideas. It disturbs the peace of the Arabic social and religious. Arab denies the way Turkish people behaving against all the religious and personal ideas. They almost break the major rules of the Islamic religion. People start to ask said in articles how they could have sex without marriage. How that is socially accepted although they are supposed to be an Islamic society? And its said that it is fatal mistakes against whole Arabs. On the other hand, this contradiction causes damaging thoughts and results in the Arab society. That is not the only problem but its wine that became something ordinary and that is reused habit that breaks every rule that put by god against his religion. And negative aspects like adoption of kids to be legal their kids and the abortion all of that which is considered an Isl amic crime, repeated several times in those shows. All these contradictions and fatal mistakes are an evidence are showed on air to be ordinary in that society and confirmed by different social and governmental authorities. Worth by his article assures that when he stresses on the point of drinking, informal relationships and abortion. He discusses briefly the major differences between Arab people and Turkish People. Responsible religious authorities refuse the shows and. religious People start to look at these shows as evil ones spreading immoral and refused ideas,. They try to protect the Arabs society from bad aspects informal relationships, , abortion, drinking ,adoption and independence freedom of women and her dress. voices begin to protest against what was happening in the Arab society addiction of these shows. Mokhtar discusses The grand mufti of Saudi Arabia, Sheik Abdul Aziz Al-Sheik, has condemned Turkish soap operas, which have charmed millions of people across the Arab world, and prohibited people from watching them. Al Sheik was referring exactly to the most two successful shows Noor and Lost Years. Some religious views ban watching these shows and apply certain a legal punishment on the Arabic channels. Worth points that the high cleric of Saudi, Sheik Luhaidan, gave his permission to prosecute the owners of those TV channels. Some take serious decisions banning the shows and stop showing it on Arab TV. Tamiko reflects that point saying Did the viewers listen? Nope the fans of that TV shows increased and even the channels showing it increases private and local. After the discussion of the positive and negative ideas, values of that Turkish tv and its affect on Arab TV channels. some people liked that TV shows and other hated it from the first sight and said its something far from our culture and some people became neutral they like positive aspects and hate negative ones although religious people banned it but it still addicted by people . The question is the Arabic addiction these shows will continue forever? And what are its far consequences? The end statement may be you stay neutral influenced by the culture and benefit from the positive side only and dont look for the negative one.

Essay --

Historically, Myasthenia Gravis was discovered by Thomas Willis in 1672. It was not until late 19th century that Wilhelm Erb and Samuel Goldflam described the muscle disease due the lack of nervous input. Initially, it was called the Erb-Goldflam syndrome until Friedrich Jolly, a German neurologist coined it as Myasthenia Gravis Pseudoparalytica. He created the Jolly test, which tested for muscle weakness by eliciting faradic stimulations for continuous muscular contractions that caused fatigue (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes antibodies to destroy the signal transduction in neuromuscular transmission. In an autoimmune disease such as myasthenia Gravis, the immune system cannot differentiate between healthy cells and antigens. The host’s antibodies block the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors resulting in inhibition of the excitatory effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It also degrades the acetylcholine receptors. Normally, the antibodies do not attack normal healthy acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic end of the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is released from the vesicles from the presynaptic end into the synaptic cleft where it binds to the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors eliciting an excitatory effect for muscle contraction. Once this action is inhibited, muscle contraction in that cell cannot be elicited. These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on the motor end plate of the muscle cell. Acetylcholine binding allows a cascade of events to release calcium into the muscle cell. This allows the movement of actin and myosin based on the sliding filament theory to power stroke causing the cell to contract (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gra... ...l lives. In conclusion, immunosuppressive agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors help in reducing the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have a short half-life accompanied by various side effects, it is the best solution at this time to alleviate muscle weakness and fatigue. Pyridostigmine is the most commonly used drug with the lowest toxicity amongst these inhibitors because of its limited bioavailability. Immunosuppressive drugs inhibit antibody release reducing the amount of malfunctioning T-cells that attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. While its effects are not immediate with poor absorption, it provides longer periods of symptom relief. The immunological agents are only reduced and not destroyed and thus regenerate to elicit myasthenic symptoms. Further research is necessary to continue the search for a cure.

Information and Decision-Making Essay

Individuals in the world make decisions every single day of their lives. Decision-making, however, is even more important in the lives of leaders because they are running an organization which relies on their judgment and discretion for such decisions. Decisions have to be made carefully and based on the most accurate and updated information available. Otherwise, the quality of the decision would be affected by whim, suppositions, and assumptions, which might be difficult to quantify and verify. Because of the understanding of the importance of decision-making in an individual’s and an organization’s life, Maruska and Wheatley (2003) wrote How Great Decisions Get Made. Through their book, they address the different factors affecting the decision-making process—those factors intrinsic to the decision-maker as well as factors that are found in the extrinsic environment. Furthermore, they highlighted the importance of gathering information, no matter how difficult and routine it might seem. In addition to this, the authors proposed ten simple yet comprehensive steps that can help a leader in the decision-making process. The basic framework that the authors seek to establish is that decision-making should not be made out of fear, where the leaders and the decision-makers feel backed into the corner and that they have little choices left. Rather, they espouse hope-based decision-making no matter how difficult a situation may seem at first. The authors carefully explained the different outcomes and procedures that happen to people who make decisions out of fear as opposed to making them based on hope. In this regard, the case studies offered freely throughout the book are helpful in elucidating the message that the authors were promoting. The book’s language and layout are simple to follow yet it offers profound insight into an otherwise difficult process. Ten Steps to Making Effective Decisions The first step that the authors posited is the importance of enlisting the help of everyone in the decision making process (Maruska & Wheatley, 2003, p. 36). By doing this, more people would be able to provide inputs on how to make the decision. Moreover, they can provide additional information, which would eliminate fear out of the decision-making equation. Furthermore, by enlisting everyone, the leaders can avoid making enemies in the process. The second and third steps relate to discovering the shared hopes of everyone concerned and listening to the real issues that have to be addressed. By discovering the hopes and the fears of the people who will be affected by the decision, the perspectives of leaders will become less biased and will be grounded on what the situation really is (p 54). Based on the hopes and fears, it would be necessary to identify the options available for the group (p. 74). These options, however, should be backed up by data and by relevant information that could aid the decision-making process. Maruska and Wheatley (2003, p. 90) highlighted the importance of right information. The world is teeming with information nowadays, thanks to the Internet. However, not all available information is relevant to the issue being decided upon. As such, by taking into account the hopes and the fears of the stakeholders in the decision-making process, the right information will be identified and they will be helpful in mapping out the solution. The authors further believe that if there is 100% information, there would be zero debates. The task of the leader therefore would be to gather information and make sure that these pieces of information are indeed relevant. The authors also advised that decision-makers should foresee difficulties along the way and be prepared with alternatives that were not originally planned. But even in these cases, information gathering is still very important as they can steer the decision-makers to the right or wrong decision (p. 118). Conclusion Maruska and Wheatley (2003) were able to describe fully the decision-making process and the importance of gathering the right information. The case studies that they cited were also helpful in highlighting the importance of this process. For people who are in government whose decisions are crucial to the life and death of individuals, literally, or to CEOs upon whom the life of the organization has been put, How Great Decisions are Made is a great textbook for decision-making. This process is never an easy one. Rather, there are a lot of complications along the way. However, the authors were able to present a simple but not simplified view of the decision-making process and how information can make or break the effectiveness of the decisions made by leaders. They also highlighted the importance of teamwork and the process of discovering the shared hopes, dreams, and fears of the people serving with the leaders making the decision. After all, leaders are not only deciding for themselves. Rather, they are making decisions on behalf of their subordinates and of all the people who will be affected by the decisions made by these leaders. The presentation of the book is also easy to follow and would be accessible to anyone interested in improving their decision-making skills.